June 24, 2014

Varioust Type of Communication Theory (part 1)

1. Theory Behaviorism

The flow figures are John B. Watson (1878 - 1958) which in America is known as the father of behaviorism. The theory memumpunkan attention on aspects that are directly perceived in language behavior and the relationship between stimulus and response to the world around him. According to this theory, all behavior, including follow-back (response) caused by the presence of the stimulus (stimulus). If the stimulus has been observed and is known then the reply was predictable motion. Watson also firmly rejected the influence of instinct (instinct) and awareness of behaviors. So any behavior can be studied according to the relationship of stimulus - response.

Born as a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis introspeksionisme. Behaviorism want to analyze only the visible behavior only, which can be measured, described, and predicted. Later, the behaviorist theory known as the theory of learning, because according to them the behavior of humans except instinct is the result of learning. Learning means to change the behavior of organisms as environmental influences. Behaviorism did not want to question whether the human good or bad, rational or emotional; behaviorism just want to know how behavior is controlled by environmental factors. From this arises the concept of "human machine" (Homo Mechanicus).

2. Theory Humanism

This theory appears inspired by developments in psychology is the psychology of Humanism. As per the opinion expressed by McNeil (1977) "In many instances, communicative language Programmes have incorporated educational phylosophies based on humanistic Psikology or view the which in the context of goals for other subject areas has been called 'the humanistic curriculum"

Humanism in language teaching theory ever implemented in a curriculum with the term Humanistic language teaching curriculum implemented in North America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The curriculum emphasizes the division of supervision and responsibility shared between all student learners. Curiculum emphasizes humanistic mindset, feelings and behavior of students with connecting material taught on the basic needs and the needs of the student life. This theory assumes that every student as learning objects have different reasons in learning the language.

The main purpose of this theory is to improve the ability of students to be able to thrive in the community. The deepest goal or purpose is to develop the whole human persons within a society. (McNeil, 1977)

3. Information Theory or Mathematic

One of the classical communication theory that greatly affect subsequent communication theories are mathematical information theory or theories. This theory is a form of elaboration of the work of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949, Weaver. 1949), Mathematical Theory of Communication.
These theories view communication as a mechanistic phenomena, mathematical, and informative: communication as the transmission of a message and how to use the transmitter channel and communication media. This is one clear example of the school of the process which saw the code as a means to construct a message and translate it (encoding and decoding).

This information theory point focuses attention on a number of signals passing through the channel or medium in the communication process. This is very useful in the application of electrical systems today are designing a transmitter, receiver, and code to facilitate the efficiency of information.

4. Agenda Setting Theory

Agenda-setting theory was introduced by McCombs and DL Shaw (1972). The assumption of this theory is that if the media put pressure on an event, then the media will affect the audience to consider it important. So what is considered to be an important medium, it is important also for the community. In this case the medium is assumed to have a very strong effect, especially as it relates to the assumption of the learning process rather than by changes in attitudes and opinions.

5. Uses and Gratification Theory (Usability and Satisfaction)

This theory was first introduced by Herbert Blumer and Elihu Katz (1974). This theory says that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media. In other words, media users are particularly active in the communications process. Users media trying to find a good source of most media in the memenhi business needs. This means that users have the option of alternative media to satisfy their needs.

The basic elements of the theory underlying this approach (Karl in Bungin, 2007): (1) The basic needs of a particular, in interaction with (2) the various combinations between intra-and extra-individual, and also with (3) the structure of society, including the media structure, generating (4) personal mixing various individuals, and (5) the perception of a solution to the problem, which resulted in (6) various motives for seeking fulfillment or completion problems, which generate (7) differences in media consumption patterns and (differences in other behavioral patterns, which cause (9) differences in consumption patterns, which can affect (10) the combination of intra-and extra-individual characteristics, as well as would affect the (11) structure of the media and various political structures, cultural, and economic society.

6. Dependencies Effect Mass Communication Theory

This theory was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeachdan DeFluer Melvin L. (1976), which focuses on the structural condition of a society that governs the likelihood of an effect of mass media. This theory departs from the nature of modern society, the mass media diamana considered as an information system that has an important role in maintaining the process, change, and conflict at the level of communities, groups, and individuals in a social activity. In summary study of the effects can be formulated can be formulated as follows:

1. The Cognitive, create or eliminate ambiguity, attitude formation, agenda-setting, the expansion of people's belief systems, confirmation / clarification of values.

2. Affective, create fear or anxiety, and increase or decrease the moral support.

3. Behavioral, activate or move or relieve, the formation of a particular issue or solution, or provide a strategy for reaching an activity and lead to generous behavior.

0 comments:

Post a Comment