Communication

Attribution Theory

2011-11-22T04:20:00.001-08:00

Explain human behavior.

History and Orientation

Heider (1958) first proposed a psychological theory, but Weiner and colleagues (eg, Jones et al, 1972; Weiner, 1974, 1986), social psychology has been the main research paradigms that have developed within the framework of the theoretical. Heider so-called "naive" or "COMMON SENSE" psychology is discussed. In his opinion, a reasonable explanation or reason for people to come to collect the information to understand the other's behavior, such as amateur science.

Core assumptions and Reports

The physical interpretation of Theory of functions and events and how they are concerned with thinking and behavior. Attribution theory assumes that people are trying to determine what people do. Someone on one or more other features, something that could be the reason for this behavior nor try to understand. According to Heider, a two-attribution: 1) internal features, such an attitude to someone, such as character or personality of a person behaving in a manner that can result. 2) external attribution, person, because he was also on the status of something that behaves a certain way, the results

Our attribution of emotional and motivational great extent, been controlled by the driver. Another very real self-blame and personal claims service to avoid attribution. We also have features such as an attack to defend. We will give an unfair injustice in the world. We even share the same grief from trying to distance himself, because it sacrificed for their fate (and us) is to blame. We also believe that less than one change, other than ourselves, we see a more diverse and less as expected. It is also within us (and we spent a lot of time) to see what can be more.

Conceptual Model

Is not applicable.

My favorite method

Attribution of different methods were used in the evaluation and categorization. Open questions in oral response to the researchers involved in the Open method of categorization. The method of attribution and dimensions of the participants considered to be received in connection with the various elements (for example, or the ability to try) 5 degrees of success or failure in, say, his / her reasons for the measure requires. Direct rating method (eg, [Benson, 1989), participants in the event of attribution and the size of the for / after the reasons for the same reasons of expression and information is required.

Scope and Application

Theory of functions between the high and low achievement motivation has been used to explain differences. They are confident that this success, because they believe are connected with high ability and effort attribution theory, the high achievers, the approach does not avoid the tasks related to the activity. Error caused by bad luck or bad thought to be a trial, and their guilt. Thus, the failure of pride and confidence to create their own esteem but does not affect success. They are (a) their ability and / or (b) the success, success, or "who you know", or other factors outside the control of the doubt on that, because on the other hand, low achievers avoid success in the tasks associated with them. Thus, he / him / her and to increase the price of the trust, but does not feel responsible, because such a success, but useful for low achievers.

Example

For example, the effort spent on athletes, but could not match that in the past, you can only warn him to attribute failure to lack of efforts to promote (see, for example, [Robinson, 1990). If the incentive was very difficult to meet the qualifying standard is likely to improve, because the results do little to improve the properties of the lack of effort, the purpose may be small. If the use of the wrong race strategy, the strategy used in the future, then the logical improvement, can lead to better results.

Reference

Key publications

Aronson, E., Wilson, TD & Akert, RM (2003). Social Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Department, Dennis. (1996). The Federal Employees Career Development: Theory of functions and the Glass Ceiling. Public Administration & Management: Interactive Journal

[Http: / / www.hbg.psu.edu/faculty/jxr11/glass1sp.html]

Heider, F. (1958). Relationship between psychology. New York: Wiley.

Jones, EE, DE Kannouse, HH Kelley, RE Nisbett, S. Valins and B. Weiner, eds. (1972). Attribution: understanding the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

Harvey, JH & Tired, G. (1985). Attribution: Basic Issues and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego.

Lewis, F. M. and Daltroy, L. H. (1990). "How Behavioral Health of the causal impact of Explanation: The theory of functions." Glanz, K., Lewis, FM In and Rimer, BK (Eds.) Health Behavior and Education: Theory, Research. and experience. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved

Weiner, B. (1974). Achievement motivation and theory of functions. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

Weiner, B. (1980). Of human motivation. NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.T

"Lembaga Penerbitan Koperasi KOPMA UGM" Publish Foraksi March 2010 edition

2010-04-06T18:48:00.000-07:00

After regeneration, “Lembaga Penerbitan KOPMA UGM” didn’t stop to prove their existence. It is looked by their newest Foraksi. Which become their march 2010 edition. And in their way to get their respect from other people in KOPMA UGM. They believe that they can bring the glory to their LP’s room. And Foraksi march 2010 edition is one of their first step to get that thing.
Foraksi itself, in this edition is telling about the new face of Kopma UGM. Which symbolized by their new staff. And in this edition, Foraksi try to introduce those person to Kopma’s member. Because the Foraksi think, that who knows, there are still Kopma’s member who don’t know the Kopma’s Staffs yet. And Foraksi, try to dig it, just for you.
In other hand, there is also a lot of other stuff that you can enjoy in Foraksi. Like the report of Diksarkop 90. Or maybe what people say about the new ( or you can also call old) leader of Kopma. All of that stuff is present for you in Foraksi.
So, enjoy it my friend.

Sherlock Holmes Movie Review

2010-01-31T17:31:00.000-08:00

Another good movie for communication student. This is really really a good movie for u to watch. I swear it. Is it that good? Just check this one out.

This movie is a movie that I saw in January 23th 2010. And wow, I really get impressed by this movie. Although for some reader of that novel, that thing isn’t new anymore. But, for me who know nothing about Sherlock Holmes (know Holmes, Watson, and Moriaty only from detective conan comic books), the story at that movie is really good.

The story begins with a come of bandit girl but get loved by Holmes who give him an offer to find somebody. In the middle of Holmes confused about this case, suddenly the cops arrival with the information that Lord Blackwood, the one who get death punish has been back from the death.

And then, holmes trying to find out the truth of that story, until he finally found that Blackwood casket has been filled by a dwarf who actually is Holmes client want to find.

And then, Holmes have to fight Blackwood, who seems have a black magic. Where he can kill someone by sunk him in the bath tube. Or burn somebody who want to shot him with a gun without even touching that man.

So, what is the end of this story? Can Holmeses logic defeat Blackwood’s “blackmagic”? See what next in theatre, or original DVD and VCD. You better don’t use the piracy one. If you are a communication student, you gonna love it.... :)

Watchmen's Movie Review

2010-01-31T17:16:00.000-08:00

In communication discipline, there is a lot of knowledge that lead us to ignored the differences and stick together as a brother with our friends. And this movie, will teach us a lot about that things.

Before going to market, this movie is already famous. Of course it might have a connection with marketing communication. Which making marketing as a main key to successful movie. And according to me, this communication strategies is success enough.

Story begin with comedian death. One of superhero group which called watchmen. But if we follow the pattern in this movie, it could be little hard. Because of that, I decided to make a story line which has been arranged from first to last, without flashback anymore.

This movie take a time in year 1985, where there is a cold war on that time. And in America on that time there is a group of super hero who call themselves as a Watchmen. Just like American superhero, they wore weird mask and costume like a clown. But not like other superhero who generally have a pure heart and only think about being good, our hero in this movie quiet different. They are more likely a gangster with past sadness They have their own problem with themselves.

The member of watchmen is Dr manhattan, Ozmandian, Rorschach, Night Owl II, Silk Spectre II, and Comedian. Although they have really powerful strength, but just like I said, their soul really-really unhealthy. And for this movie, the story is only between them. Because of that, lets talk about this character one by one.

Dr Manhattan is a scientist whom got accident in his research. A classical way to create a superhero. Because of that accident, he then have a super power like a good. He can change all element in the world just become everything he like. Can go to Mars in second. Kill people like push a button in keyboard, etc. because of his power, he lost his passion in humanity. He get more interest in metaphysic knowledge rather than think about humanity. Just like he is part of human not anymore. At the end of the story, he choose to go to other galaxy. Unexpressive face which suitable with Billy Crudup as a cast.

Ozmandian is a person whose considered as a smartest man in the world by other watchmen. And he is also a leader of watchmen. With his smartness and strength, he tried to unite ego of each member. He can be think as the most health mind in watchmen. But, because of that smartness, he also make people life as an ant. For him, peace need sacrifice. Little or large is similar, just a collateral damage. Cast by genius face by Matthew Goode.

Rorschach is one of superhero who has strongest hearth in keeping his ideology. He is a self punched type that can kill everyone whose he thought guilty. A slave of his justice who have black past. Where he was born from a slut. He already fight for his justice even before watchmen built. And after watchmen broke, he still moving illegally to punish bad boy out there. With his socialist ideology, he become famous in crime world. We can see that when he get busted because get trapped, he get nice welcome from his old friend in prison. Cast superbly by Jackie Earle Haley, ex kid star in year 70, who already become great fan from this story since in comics book.

Night Owl II can be said is the most stupid in these bunch of heroes. He with his simple dreams about the world and America. Simply stupid enough as a superhero who has problem with their past. His soul is quite health. He get his passion back to become a superhero after slept with Silk Spectre II. Cast by Stephen McHattie.

Silk Spectre II, is a daughter of Silk Spectre who is a first period hero that fail in America. Herself is girl in Dr Manhattan dream. But after feel comfortable no more with Dr Manhattan who get more busy with his metaphysic. She left and making relationship with Night Owl II. She get problem enough from her past. After she knows that comedia is her father. From the ripe to her mother. Cast bravely by malin Akerman.

Comedian can be said is the most crazy man here. It could be because of he always get drank all the time. But it also could because of his mind is already junk. Although directly dead in first scene, but he has been told often. There is a lot of flashback which tell about his story. And when his body down to the earth, each superhero remember again the memories with him, and of course, mostly bad memories. Although we call him a superhero, his attitude is worst than a criminal. Cast by bad boy faces by Jeffrey Dean.

After we know the main character from this movie, it will be much easier to tell the synopsis. United States, in the time after they won at Vietnam and make President Nixon won the election in five a row. (of course it only could happen in this movie) Decided to throw away the superhero groups. But, they still use Dr Manhattan who have a power like a god to insulting Soviet in order to make them not send their nuclear cannon. But, that kind of strategy give nothing except a warmer cold war. At that point, Ozmandyan who consider as a smartest man in the world, have a such brilliant idea to become a peacemaker. By using Dr Manhattan powers, he try to make a super destruction power. He kill Comedian in order to fake another superhero concern.

And that’s right, Rorschach who have a suspect about Comedian’s death, straightly make a conclusion and theory that there is a conspiration to kill every watchmen members one by one. He guerilla to investigate every evidence that he might use. And Ozmandyan’s brain is the one who lead Rorschach to get trapped in some place and finally brought him to a prison.

And in other parts, Ozmandyan tactics is also the one who make Dr Manhattan feel sick with earth and going to Mars. That thing make illegal affairs between Silk Spectre II and Nite owl II come true. After that, Nite owl II suddenly get his courage to become a hero once again and rescue Rorschach from prison.

After Rorschach make it to get out from prison with Nite Owl II and Silk Spectre help, then Silk Spectre get an appointment to talk with Dr Manhattan in Mars. And Rorschach with Nite Owl II continued their investigation until they finally reveal that ozmandyan is the one who behind all of those things. And they two finally rush in Antartica, a place where Ozmandyan control his secret project.
In other place, or in other planet exactly, the heart to heart talking by Silk Spectre and Dr manhattan happen. Where at that place, she finally realize that Comedian is her father. That make her so sad, and from that somehow, Dr Manhattan feel the humanity once again. And make him decide to back to earth and prevent Ozmandyan for doing his plan.

But, when they arrive to earth, everything is too late. Ozmandyan is too strong for Rorschach and Nite Owl II. He already launched super nuclear to big city such as Paris and New York and Moskow.

And after that,Ozmandyan get haunted by Dr Manhattan in Antartica. And when almost get killed, Ozmandyan show television news which showing unexpected before. Because of that attack, the world have same their voice to fight against one enemy : Dr Manhattan! And Dr Manhattan understand what the meaning from all of this. All of Ozmandyan trying to do is to make world in peace.

But of course, Rorschach can’t accept that such lie. Although he knew that he will die if he do that, he still go and trying to tell the truth. And it make he die blow by Dr manhattan together with his socialist ideology.

That was a synopsis from watchmen movie. Quiet Interesting isn’t it? But of course it will be more interesting if you see the movie directly. Why? Because this movie is produced superbly. In story, or even in effect. So, this movie will become a good sample for mass communication media.

Punk In Love's Review

2010-01-20T20:05:00.000-08:00

In communication discipline, inter culture communication actually is a good story to talking about. And movie could become effective media to become a channel for this type of communication. But, not all movie could become channel. One of them who could become the channel is Punk In Love movie. Whose I thought have already try to become the bridge for punk community as a minority with general society as a majority. Because of that, Punk In Love movie is a film that I thought deserve enough to become one of movie that you must see.

Movie which tell a story about street punk’s life is really unique. Look, in the middle of rebellion theme and background of the characters, there is still comedy and romantic here. Many friends of me even say that this movie has more comedy and romantic than punk itself. But, I still give a credit to story of punk which the director (Ody C. Harahap) try to build in this movie. Entertain enough for me, and even make my friends laugh so hard when seeing this movie.

Punk In Love which made by Raam Punjabi and MVP Pictures is tell about four friends in Malang city. They are Arok (Vino G. Bastian), Yoji (Andhika Pratama), Almira (Aulia Sarah), and also Mojo (Yogi Firnanda). Story began when Arok trying to kill himself when he covered that his “love death” in Jakarta will get married soon. Then his friends make him realize that he should go to Jakarta to chase her and not kill him self like an idiot. And finally, they go to Jakarta, without any plan and source to meet Maia (Girindra Kara), the girl in Arok’s dreams.

They doing really long journey and also a lot of problem that they faced, from get lost in Bromo, visit cemetery in Blitar, get flop in Semarang, and other funny stories. When they get closer to their goal, suddenly Mojo get hurts in his left foot and also get infected. It was really serious hurt and can make Mojo get killed if not get first aid. Poor Mojo, the nearest hospital is reject to cure him! So what the ending of this movie? Will Mojo make it and survive? Will Arok meet Maia? Just see this movie yourself, by original VCD and DVD off course.

The thing that we should notice is a role from each cast here is really interesting. Two main character here is Andika Pratama and Vino G Bastian according to my opinion. Vino who has become the old face from movies with this genre is no longer strange for us. His previous starred movie such as “REALITA CINTA DAN ROCK N ROLL”, and also “RADIT DAN JANI” is already talking about naughty boy and success enough. And like usual, his sexy body still become the main product here. So what about Andika Pratama? As long as I know, movies that he played is never talking about this genre. Even in his previous movies, he playing as a cool and serious boy. But in this movie he become very different people. A funny punker who like “dangdut” music so much. He become one of main fun character in this movie. Salute to him.

So, I think overall this movie is good enough to get my recommendation to you who wants to see a movie. Of course as a communication college, I also see some communication aspect in this movie. What is that? Well, just see this movie guys.

Movie Review

2010-01-20T19:57:00.000-08:00

In communication, movie review is become very important. Why? because movie review is a try to make people who read this article have more passion to see that movie. And that will make movie, as a one of mass media in the world, become more popular. This is really good way to understand other life communication, and make every people who watch it get entertained. So, this is some movie that i recommend to you to see this. Check this out.

Punk In Love

Watchmen

Sherlock Holmes

Draft

2010-01-20T19:36:00.000-08:00

After we talk about making good topic of our speech, it's a time to make a good content of our speech. How can we do that? We need something to be communicated about, so because of that, we have to make a draft. What is a draft?

Draft Is a natural printing to your speech from speech’s parts, which having connection each other. With that draft, you can see a little about all parts of your speech that you’ll speak to the audience. It will help you to know the weakness that hard to detect. When you starting to make your draft, it means you also starting to construct a speech. Do not wait until you get all of source that you need. You can starting to make draft in the same time when you collect, organize, and edit speech’s sources. So, you can get the main used of making a draft, like where is approximately a change can be done. Draft is editable based on needs, together with every process to construct a speech.
That draft could become specific or general. Speech is arranged in the draft which contain by key words. More specific draft that you made will make easier to test every parts of speech, either it’s quality or characteristic. That draft better made in specific and full sentence.
Construct a draft
After you complete your research and having a plan to your speech, then write it in paper, by following this instruction.
a. Begin the draft by knowing the data
Know general and special purpose as your thesis.
Ex:
General purpose : To inform
Specific purpose : To inform about mass media function
Thesis : mass media showing four main function
That is not a part that you mention in your speech, but just become your guidance to make your speech and draft ready. Just like traffic sign to keep you stay in the line.
b. The draft is contained by forewords, content, and conclusion as a particular part
Although that 3 is connected, must be parted and made to different each other. It’s not spoken to audiences, but guide you to making set for your speech.
c. Insert transition and internal conclusion
Insert transition between forewords and content, between content and conclusion, main proposition in body of speech and every where it need. Insert internal conclusion whenever it needed to help audiences understand and remember your ideas.
d. Attach reference list
Can be placed in the end of draft or spread pages.

The Way Of thinking Speech Arrangement (additional)

2010-01-10T03:03:00.000-08:00

After from last article we discuss about the way of thinking speech arrangement. Now, we will learn no far from that point. We will discuss about some additional various from that topic. So here is it, enjoy it...

1. Structure and function pattern
Useful for informative speech, where you want to discuss how structural and function aspect from that structure.

2. Contras and comparison pattern
Also useful for informative speech, where you want to analyze two or more thing by compare that difference and similar.

3. Pro and contra pattern
Useful for informative speech, where you want to explain objectively what something used and unused.

4. Claim and prove pattern
Useful for persuasive speech, where you want to prove the truth and use of proposition that you tell. Your speech at least have two part, first one explain your claim and the second show the prove that your claim is right.

5. Various definitions pattern
Useful for informative speech to explain some concept. You can show various definition type or the way in look for that concept.

6. Journalistic pattern (5W+1H)
Once again, useful for informative speech when you will report or explain some events.

Source : Modul Public Speaking ilmu komunikasi fisipol UGM, 2008.

you can also read this article in Indonesia.

The way of thinking speech arrangement

2009-11-10T07:49:00.000-08:00

1. Timeline
Ideas are collected together by it’s relationship with the time. Suitable for informative speech that you want to ilustrate event or process which happen in some rarely time. The pattern is made based on time line.

2. Space
Fit for use if you want illustrate some place or object.
Eg : You speech about your journey to Southeast Asia
a. First you start from Bali, Indonesia
b. Second destination in Singapura
c. And the last destination to Malaysia

3. Topic
Is a topical pattern, which mean some ideas that collected by some conventional classification. Fit for informative speech. Here, topic is divided to sub topic or clear parts, based on topic reachable itself. Eg :
The power of government
a. Legislative controlled by congres
b. Executive controlled by President
c. Judicative controlled by Pengadilan

4. Kausal
Is a pattern that arrange content by hubungan sebab akibat. This causal relationships is related with why some events happen, which is factor that causing some effects. Fit for use if you want to making sure the audience about something that make other thing happen. In first section of speech, you can explain something that become the reason and in second section show the effects. Eg :
A. There is three main reason of hipertency :
a. A lot of salt improving tekanan darah
b. An ooverweight
c. Worried too much
B. There is three main effects of hipertency
a. gelisah improving
b. Heart improving
c. Short breath improving

5. Pattern of solve the problem
In this example you will talk about the problem that faced by a group, then giving an advice. Fit for persuasive speech. With this speech you can suggest to some problem that audience faced. In first section you explain the factor that make that problem appear, then in second section you show your suggest of solution about that problem. Eg :
A. Nuclear reactor making a lot of problem
a. The Kebocoran can put employer and society community life in danger.
b. Put environment in danger
B. Solution
a. Stop nuclear reactor developing
b. Close the nuclear reactor that already operate
c. Developing some alternative source

6. Motivated sequence
Developed by Alan H. Monroe. This pattern have 5 part : Care, need, satisfied, visualisation, and action. Can be used for all type of speech, is it informative or persuasive. Motivated sequence is a variant from problem solving with push to problem telling need and the satisfication of solution developing.
The last two parts in motivated sequence, visualisation and action only can be used in persuasive speech. Visualisation is aimed to explain the condition wich will happen, help the audience look to them self and feel satisfied from their act, proposing a plan which will give a satisfication to audience and in one time also asking for their agree. This is the complete explanation.

a. Care
The first step that you have to do in speech is to make audiences focus to the topic which will shown. If this step can be done well, so the audience will get excited and listen to what you say.

b. Need
You can show the need to audience. Make audiences realize about something that have to do or learn. This can be done by this way :
1) Telling them about need or problem that appear
2) Ilustrate that need with specific example
3) Make realizing of student become stronger and stronger
4) Show that the problem have a lot of effect in audiences life

c. Satisfied
Show your solution to satisfied the need that you show first. If you do this step well, the audience will believe with your information. There is some way to do that :
1. A statement and also example about what you want to audiences believes and do.
2. A statement from how or why you want audience to learn.

d. Visualisation
Stronger of audience feeling and belief. Help the audience to imagine about the situation that will they face if the need that you suggest can be satisfied. There is 2 way :
1) Show the benefit that audiences will get if your ideas is executed
2) Show the audience lost if they don’t do your suggest

e. Action
The last step is say to the audience exactly what they have to do in order to make the audience need can be done.

If your speech is informative purpose, you can stop in satisfied. Is your speech is persuative purpose in order to make believe become stronger. You have to reach visualisation step. And if your speech is persuative purpose to changing behavior, so you have to reach action step.

SPEECH

2009-11-10T07:47:00.000-08:00

The systematic of writing Speech’s script
A. The way of thinking speech arrangement
B. The way of thinking speech arrangement (additional)
C. Draft
D. Arrange Model

AUDIT COMMUNICATION

2009-11-10T07:22:00.000-08:00

Audit communication is a evaluation that done by deep about communication process and components, in interpersonal, work group, organization, or even mass.

And audit communication has following purpose, decided overload or under load. Judge information quality. Measure relations quality. Recognize the potential web. Identified Bottlenecks. Draw the patterns, climate, and culture of communication. Give recommendation to change company communication system.
Audit communication is better to do in this following time. First, if there is some program that lost it’s credibility. Then, if there is a need evaluation for a program. Then, if organization change is planned. And also if there is a worry between employers, and communication channel didn’t function much. And the last if there is some gossip that become controversy.
In audit of communication, there is 7 technique and method to be done. Interview, self-completion questionnaire, group discussion, Network analysis, communication diary, monitoring, critical incident technique.
And there is also some aspect that we need to think in audit of communication. That aspects is, the condition of communicator and communicant. Media / communication channel. Message / Information. Feedback. Communication environment ( time, place, structure, climate, etc )

Schema Theory

2009-11-02T18:15:00.000-08:00

Theories of individuals as cognitive misers transport these ideas to our understanding of individual information processing. That is, theorist in this tradition look at the forms and structures that help individual process a wide variety of information about the social world in an efficient way. As Wicks (1992 : 119) states, "Schema Theory suggest that people are active are active processor of information and that schematic thinking derives from the need to organize thinking for the purpose of cognitive economy." Though a variety of theories have been developed to explain this process (e.g, theories of plan, scripts, episodes), we use schema theory as one representative way of looking at these concept (But see Mandler, 1984, for a much more specific interpretation of schema theory concept). In other words, as cognitive misers, we use a schema theory as a template for understanding this entire family of cognitive theories. There are two important issues to consider in understanding schema theory. The first issue is a first question of what and the second is a question of how or, in Arbib, Conklin, and Hill's (1987) words, the distinction between the representation and process aspects of schemas. That is, theories have considered both the content of cognitive schemas and the way those schemas are activated as we attempt to understand and behave in social world.

Schema theory in the communication discipline
The concept of schema theory are implicated in all our communicate behavior, for if we are to proceed in a variety of communication situations we must either draw on existing schemas for understanding or, perharps, develop new schemas that will be used in subsequent interaction.

Finally, research in mass communication has also relied on the concept of schemas for understanding communication processes.As Wicks (1992) argues, we have schemas not only for social interaction with others but also for various media channels and programmings.

Source : Katherine Miller : 2001

Communication Theories

2009-11-02T14:43:00.000-08:00

Theories Of Communication Processes
-Theories Of Symbolic Organization
Schema Theory
Attribution Theory
Narrative theory
Dramatism
-Theories Of Message Production
Constructivist Theory
Action Assembly Theory
Planning and Goals
-Theories of Message Processing
Three Classic Model Of Persuasion
1. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
2. Theory of Reasoned Action
3. Social Judgement Theory
Elaboration likelihood model
Inoculation Theory
Problematic Integration Theory
-Theories of Discourse and Interaction
Speech act theory
Coordinated Management Of Meaning Theory
Communication accommodation Theory
Expectancy violation and interaction adaptation theories
-Theories Of Communication in developing relationships
social penetration theory
Uncertainty Reduction theory
-Theories Of communication in Ongoing Relationships
Relational systems theory : The palo-alto group
Theories of relational dialectics

Interactional Model

2009-10-21T00:06:00.000-07:00

This model think that human is an active person. Symbolic quality is contained in interactional word, so this model is clearly different with an ordinary interaction which signed by stimulus - response trade. This model is developed by George Herbert Mead who have a student named Herbert Blumer. Symbolic interaction perspective is known more in sociology, although is still have some influences in other discipline.

This model think that people as a communicator is active, reflective, and creative , interpret, shows complicated act and hard to be predicted. In this context, Blumer show 3 premise which become the basic of this model. Firstly, Human act based on the meaning that individual give to their environment. Second, that meaning has direct relation with social interaction which individual do to their social environment. And the last but not least, the meaning is created, resisted, and changed by interpret process which individual done in order to keep in touch with their social environment.

Source : Deddy Mulyana, 2000

Gudykunst and Kim's Model

2009-10-18T15:17:00.000-07:00

This model actually is an intercultural communication model. This model basely is suitable for face to face communication, especially for 2 people. Because there is no 2 person which have culture, social culture, and psycho culture precisely similar.

This model assume 2 persons which equal in communication, each of them as a sender and also a receiver, or both of of them encoding and decoding. Because of that, we can see that messages from someone is a feedback from the other one. Messages / feed back between them is represented by a line from someone's encoding to another decoding. The two lines shows that every one of us go and won't do anything until we get the feedback.

The aspect that completing this model environment. Environment persuade us in encoding and decoding a messages.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Tubbs Model

2009-10-16T17:01:00.000-07:00

It's all about 2 person communication. This model is suitable with concept of communication as a transaction, which assume that 2 communicator as a sender and also receiver a message. When we talk (send a message) actually we also observe our partner's behavior and we reacts with that. The process is a reciprocal and also spontaneous and simultaneously. The messages in this model could be verbal and non verbal. Could be intention and incidental. The Channel is a sensory. There is two type of noise in this mode : technical and semantic. Technical noise is a factor which make receiver feel a change in information. Semantic noise is a giving different meanings about the representation which sent by source.

In short ways, although in that model communicator 1 and 2 gain same aspect : input, filter, messages, channel, and noise. That aspect still different in contents.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Defleur's Model

2009-10-15T15:48:00.000-07:00

It's a mass communication model. By inserting mass medium device and feedback device. It draw a source, transmitter, receiver, and destination as a departed phase in mass communication process.

The function of receiver in Defleur's model is to receive information and encode it.

According to Defleur, communication isn't meaning transfer. Communication happen by a set of component operation in some theoretical system, which the consequence is isomorphism between intern response to a set of symbol to source and receiver.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Berlo's Model

2009-10-14T13:43:00.000-07:00

Also known as SMCR model. Source, message, channel, and receiver. Source is the creator of the messages. Message is a translation of idea to a symbolic code. Channel is a medium that bring the message. And the receiver is the target of communication.

According to this model, source and receiver is influenced by those factors : skill of communication, attitude, knowledge, social system and culture. Message is expanded based on element, structure, content, treatment, and code. The channel is about sensory.

The positive thing about this model is, this model could reach treatment mass communication, public, interpersonal, and written communication. This model is also heuristic. But, this model is also have weakness. This model think that communication is a static phenomenon. There is no feedback. And nonverbal communication is considered as unimportant thing.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Gerbner's Model

2009-10-13T20:26:00.000-07:00

This model is a lasswell's model expantion. It consist from verbal model and diagramatic model.

Verbal Model : someone perceives an event and reacts in a situation through some means to make available material in some form and contects conveying content of some consequence.

Diagramatic Model : Someone perceives an event and send some messages to transmitter which will send a signal to receiver. In that transmission, the signal facing noise and become SSSE to destination.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Westley and Maclean's Model

2009-10-13T15:00:00.000-07:00

This model say about 2 context, interpersonal and mass communication. And the point of difference between interpersonal and mass communication is the feedback. In interpersonal, the feedback is direct and fast. In the mass, the feedback is indirect and slow.

There is 5 parts in this model on interpersonal communication : object orientation, messages, source, receiver, and feedback. Source (A) see object or some activities in their environment (X) and create a message about that think (X')which sent to receiver (B). In that turn, the receiver will send a feedback about message to the source.

In mass communication this model have another parts, it's called gate keeper (C) or opinion leader which receive the message (X') from source of mass media (A) or by seeing object orientation (X1, X2) in his environment. And then, the gate keeper is creating their own messages (X")which sent to a receiver (B). So, the filter process is formed.

There is some important concept from this model : feed back, the differences and similarity between interpersonal and mass communication, and opinion leader which become an important thing in mass communication. This model is also separated purposive and non purposive messages.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Newcomb's Model

2009-10-12T14:59:00.000-07:00

Theodore Newcomb (1953) see communication from the social psychology view. This model also known as ABX model. This model draw that someone (A) sending information to the other one (B) about something (X). That model assume that A's orientation to B and to X is depend to each other. And three of them is a system which content four orientation.

1. A to X orientation
2. A to B orientation
3. B to X orientation
4. B to A orientation

In this model, communication is a normal and effective way which make people can orient their self to their environment. It's a intentional communication act model of 2 people.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Schramm's model

2009-10-12T06:25:00.000-07:00

Communication is considered as an interaction, with both sides who encode - interpret - interpret back - transmit - and receive the signal. Schramm think that communication always needs 3 element : source, message, and destination. Source can encode and destination can decode message, based on their own experience. If both of circle have an an equal territory, so communication is an easy thing to do. Greater territory will affect on field of experience which belong to both sides. According to schramm, every one in communication's process is clearly become both encoder and decoder. We constantly encode back signs from our environment, interpret that signs and decode something as a results. Backward process in the model is called feed back, which playing an important rule in communication. Because it let us know how do our message being interpreted.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Shannon and Weaver's Model

2009-10-08T23:11:00.000-07:00

This model is talking about the problem to send a message based on their accuracy level. This model presupposes an information source who create a message and send it by some channel to a receiver who recreate that message. In other words, this model assumsion that information source create some message to be communicated from available set of messages. Transmitter changes messages to signal which suitable with the used channel. Channel is a medium which sending a sign from transmitter to receiver. In conversation, information source is a brain, the transmitter is voice which create a signs that transmitted by air. The receiver is a hearing mechanism and reconstruction a message from a signs. The destination is a receiver's brain. And the important concept from this model is a noise.

This model think that communication is a static phenomenon and one way. And, this modelis too much complicated.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Lasswell's Model

2009-10-08T14:27:00.000-07:00

Lasswell's model is a verbal saying, which say about who says what in which channel, to whom with what effect?

This model say about communication process and it's function to society. Lasswell said 3 function of communication. The first one is a environmental monitoring. Then a relation from every departed society which give a response to environment. And the last one is a social transmission from one generation to the other.

This model is often used in mass communication. Who to gate keeper, says what is a source to analyze about the message. In which channel to media. to whom to audience. And with what effect is about the effect which is made by a message of mass communication to reader, listener, etc.

This model is also given a critic, because this model seems think that communicator and the message is always on purpose. This model is also though that is too much simple. But, just like the other good model, this model focus on important aspect in communication.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Aristoteles Model

2009-10-07T20:42:00.000-07:00

This is the most classical model in communication. And also is called as a rhetorical model. This model make a formula about first verbal communication model. Communication happen when a speaker speak their messages to listener in order to change their behavior. This model have 3 basic part of communication. Speaker, message, and listener.
This model is about speech. Especially speech to persuade people. According to Aristoteles, the persuade can be reached by the one person that people believe. The argument, and by playing listeners emotion.
But, this model have many weakness. The first one is communication is considered as a static phenomenon. And the other weakness from this model is, this model doesn't mention nonverbal aspects in order to persuade.
But, although this model have many weakness, but this model in the future will inspire a lot of communication scientist to find another models in communication.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Stimulus - Response Model

2009-10-07T18:15:00.000-07:00

This model is the most basic model in communication. This is show communication as an action - reaction process. This model think that verbal words, inverbal signs, pictures, and actions will stimulate other people to give the response in some ways. You can also say that this process is a moving information or ideas. This process could be interactive and have a lot of effect. Every single effect could change another act of communication in the next level.
This model ignore that communication is a process. In other words, communication is considered as a static thing.

Source : Deddy Mulyana : 2000

Model Of Communication

2009-10-07T17:59:00.000-07:00

S-R Model
Aristoteles Model
Lasswell Model
Shannon and Weaver Model
Schramm Model
Newcomb Model
Westley and Maclean Model
Gerbner Model
Berlo Model
De Fleur Model
Tubbs Model
Gudykinst and Kim Model
Interactional Model

source : Mulyana Deddy, Ilmu Komunikasi Suatu Pengantar : 2000

Various Definitions of Communication and Controversy within

2009-10-06T14:59:00.000-07:00

Before we trying to know about communication, the very first thing that we should know is the definitions. But in communication, the definitions isn't as easy as the other. There are a lot of definitions about communication from different people and different culture. Well, check this out.
Communication is a process where people (communicator) sending stimulus in purpose to change or to make behavior of other people.( Hovland, Janis & Kelley : 1953 )
Communication is a process sending information, idea, emotion, ability, etc. By using symbols such as words, pictures, numbers, etc. ( Berelson dan Stainer : 1964 )
Communication basely is a process which explain who, says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect. ( Lasswell : 1960 )
Communication is a process which make something which belong to one person become belong to 2 persons or more. ( Gode : 1959 )
After read that following definition, then there is a question in my mind. Why is there much various kind of definitions? Can you believe that in 1976, Frank Dance and Carl Larson collected 126 definitions of communications? Why do that happen? There are some reason that could answer these questions although still unclear in some points.
Dance found 3 dimensions that lead definitions of communication. ( Deddy Mulyana : 2001 ) First dimension is level of observation . And the second one is intentionality. And the last one is norm adjustment. That 3 dimensions, directly and indirectly become the main reason for this controversy.

Hello world!!

2009-09-28T15:03:00.000-07:00

Hello world, let me introduce this blog. This blog is dedicated to all communication students who still studying in their colleges. This blog trying to help you to find all about communication knowledge which very important today. Maybe, this blog isn't as good as professor made or director made, but i guarantee you that this blog is ready to use and could become your reference in case to learn more about communication and all about it.
SO guys, have fun with htis blog....
see ya!!